新韩国农业协同组合法及其启示

合作社法是合作经济运行的基本法律保障。新韩国农协法在合作社法人治理结构、优先出资券、准社员制、民主管理等方面体现了现代合作社的一些特征。它对于完善和发展我国农村合作社有现实的借鉴意义。     

Progress in field experimentation for environmentally sustainable tourism – A knowledge map and research agenda

The global aspiration to mitigate climate change puts substantial pressure on the tourism sector – one of the most polluting industries – to operate in more sustainable ways. This study reviews intervention experiments in tourism and hospitality aimed at making tourist behaviour more sustainable. The analysis of 53 field experiments reveals the most promising intervention strategies. The resulting knowledge map highlights that past intervention studies were limited to only a small number of relevant target behaviours and intervention types, pointing to many unexplored areas that require urgent attention in future.     

Assessment of the road safety performance of four roundabouts in Kumasi,Ghana

Upgrade of the Ejisu-Kumasi section of the N6 saw the construction of roundabouts at selected intersections. Their use appears challenging particularly for vehicles with elevated Centre-of-Gravity. The objective of this study was to establish the relative risk of traffic accident deaths or hospitalized injuries at the roundabouts. Five-year crash data covering a 100 m stretch upstream and downstream of the roundabouts were analysed. A total of 119 crashes occurred with 18% casualty hospitalization and 12%fatalities. Compared with the Ejisu roundabout, fatal or hospitalized injuries were significantly higher at the Boadi (OR = 25.6, p = 0.0021) and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Police Station Junctions (OR = 48.2, p < 0.001). Occupants of buses, heavy goods vehicles and riders of two wheelers were at elevated risk of deaths or serious injuries. Crash severity at the round abouts was aggravated by night-time, steep gradients and adverse cambers. It is recommended that, signalization and grade separation should be used in the current arrangement where appropriate.     

INTRA‐HOUSEHOLD EXPERIMENTS: A SURVEY

Experiments with family groups are rare, but since many decisions are taken at the household level or occur within the household it is an important area to investigate. This paper provides a survey of the recent experimental work on intra‐household decision‐making. I discuss some of the challenges involved in doing experiments with couples and families and consider major areas that remain yet to be explored. While general themes from the research are still emerging, four results repeatedly occur: (1) the absence of efficiency in intra‐household decisions; (2) joint decisions that are not a convex combination of individual decisions; (3) individual behaviour is affected by opportunities for hiding actions from spouses and (4) deviations from standard models of microeconomics in line with those seen in the anomalies literature of individual decision‐making.     

综合收益列报、估值判断和盈余管理识别的实验研究——基于评估师认知视角

估值判断会因综合收益列报模式的不同而有差异,因此利用实验设计检验了列报模式对评估师估值判断的影响,及其识别盈余管理的能力。调查和分析表明不同的综合收益列报模式对评估判断的影响不存在显著差异,符合中国评估行业现状;评估师能够识别盈余管理,但综合收益和它的组成部分的详细披露并没有显著增强公司盈余管理的透明度。     

中国城际高铁与商业信用供给——基于准自然实验的研究

本文利用中国城际高铁开通对公司产品质量保证动机产生的外生变化来考察其如何影响公司的商业信用供给决策。高铁开通通过降低运输成本,提高了公司与客户之间的交易量,不仅可以降低公司与客户之间的信息不对称,还可以促使公司提高产品质量,削弱了公司为了保证产品质量而提供商业信用的动机。借助高铁开通在时间和空间上错列发生的特征,构建准自然实验情境,本文使用双重差分方法的检验,结果表明高铁开通使公司商业信用供给减少约3.51%。研究发现,交易量提高是高铁开通减少公司商业信用供给的重要渠道。进一步分析发现,对于事前信息不对称程度较大、关系专用性投资水平较高和产品质量保证需求较低的公司,高铁开通导致公司商业信用供给减少更多。本文研究为商业信用供给的产品质量保证理论提供了进一步的补充和发展,研究结论对于理解交通基础设施的经济效应以及公司商业信用供给决策的影响因素具有一定的启示意义。     

Implementing quotas in university admissions: An experimental analysis

This paper studies the implementation of quotas in matching markets. In a controlled laboratory environment, we compare the performance of two university admissions procedures that both initially reserve a significant fraction of seats at each university for a special subgroup of students. The first mechanism mimics the sequential procedure currently used by the central clearinghouse for university admissions in Germany. This procedure starts by allocating reserved seats among eligible students and then allocates all remaining seats among those who were not already assigned one of the reserved seats in the first part of the procedure. The second mechanism is based on a modified student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm in which all seats are allocated simultaneously. In theory, the two mechanisms should lead to similar outcomes. Our experimental results, however, suggest that, relative to the sequential procedure, the simultaneous mechanism significantly improves the match outcomes for the beneficiaries of reserved seats.     

Testing deontological warm glow motivation for carbon abatements

Do people contribute to CO₂ abatements even when these contributions are completely crowded out by a third party? This study reports from an experimental test of contributions to carbon abatements when the contributions are completely crowded out by the experimenter. Contributions are determined to decline by 44% compared to a policy in which the contributions are spent directly on carbon abatements. Still, contributions remain at 18% of endowments and are relatively stable over six rounds of the crowding-out policy. These results support previous psychological findings that a deontological warm glow is important for motivating environmentally friendly behavior.     

Nonstandard bidder behavior in real-world auctions

Empirical work on auctions has found that bidders deviate from standard behavior in important ways. We investigate a range of these behaviors, including nonrational herding, auction fever, quasi-endowment effect, and escalation of commitment. Our innovations are to more completely control for unobservables by using new data from a field experiment on eBay, and by accounting for censoring of bids below the starting price. Consistent with standard auction theory and in contrast to the predictions of the nonstandard behaviors, we find that auction starting price has no effect on bidder willingness to pay in a private-values setting. We conclude that there is little evidence that these nonstandard behaviors are important in the field.     

Inflation tax in the lab: a theoretical and experimental study of competitive search equilibrium with inflation

In this paper we measure the effect of the inflation tax on economic activity and welfare within a controlled setting. To do so, we develop a model of price posting and monetary exchange with inflation and finite populations. The model, which provides a game–theoretic foundation to Rocheteau and Wright (2005)׳s competitive search monetary equilibrium, is used to derive theoretical propositions regarding the effects of inflation in this environment, which we test with a laboratory experiment that closely implements the theoretical framework. We find that the inflation tax is harmful – with cash holdings, production and welfare all falling as inflation rises – and that its effect is relatively larger at low inflation rates than at higher rates. For instance, for inflation rates between 0% and 5%, welfare in the two markets we consider (2[seller]×2[buyer] and 3×2) falls by roughly 1 percent for each percentage–point rise in inflation, compared with 0.4 percent over the range from 5% to 30%. Our findings lead us to conclude that the impact of the inflation tax should not be underestimated, even under low inflation.